با نگریستن به تصاویری که فضانوردان در سطح کری ماه از زمین گرفتند ما می توانیم زیبایی سیاره شگفت آورمان را تحسین کنیم و حق شناسی خود را نسبت به موهبت حیات ابراز کنیم. هنگام شب با ایستادن زیر ستارگان هنوز هم می توانیم شگفتی و بهت را تجربه کنیم. اینک می دانیم که کیهان، بخش هایی از فضا و زمان را دربر دارد که به دشواری، قابل تصور است. این چه نوع جهانی است که در آن، حالت های اولیه و شگفت ماده و انرژی می توانند طلایه دارانی برای حیات هوشمند باشند؟ در چارچوبی خداوندباورانه شگفت آور نیست که حیات هوشمند بر روی زمین وجود داشته باشد. در اینجا می توانیم صنع آفریدگاری هدفدار را مشاهده کنیم. عقیده خداباورانه، حتی اگر هم هیچ برهان قاطعی عرضه نکند، به این "داده" و تنوعی از دیگر انواع تجربه بشری معنا می بخشد. ما هنوز می پرسیم: اساساً چرا چیزی وجود دارد؟ چرا اشیا بدین گونه که هستند، تحقق دارند؟ ما می توانیم با سراینده مزامیر عهد باستان همنوا شویم و بگوییم: "ای خداوند، اعمال تو چه بسیار است. جمیع آنها را به حکمت کرده ای… چون روح خود را می فرستی آفریده می شوند." (مزامیر104:30).
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* این مقاله ترجمه متن زیر است:
Barbour, Ian. 2000. When Science Meets Religion: Enemies, Strangers or Partnersی London: SPCK. Ch. 2. (Astronomy and Creation). Pp. 39-64.
1. Readable and reliable introductory accounts of current theories in physical cosmology include Timothy Ferris, The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the Universe(s) Report (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997); Martin Rees, Before the Beginning: Our Universe and Others (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997); George Ellis, Before the Beginning: Cosmology Explained (London: Boyars/Bowerdean, 1993); and John R. Gribbin, In the Beginning. After COBE and before the Big Bang (Boston: Little, Brown, 1993).
2. Alan Guth and Paul Steinhard, "The Inflationary Universe," Scientific American 250 (May 1984): 116-28; Alan Guth, The Inflationary Universe (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1997); Andrei Linde, "The Self-Reproducing Inflationary Universe," Scientific American 271 (Nov. 1994): 48-55.
3. See Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes (New York: Basic Books, 1977); James Trefil, The Moment of Creation (New York: Collier Books, 1983).
4. Pope Pius X11, "Modern Science and the Existence of God," The Catholic Mind (Mar. 1952): 182-92.
5. Robert Jastrow, God and the Astronomers (New York: Norton, 1978), p. 116.
6. Fred Hoyle, Ten Faces of the Universe (San Francisco: Freeman, 1977).
7. Selections by cosmologists and philosophers defending various interpretations of the Anthropic Principle are included in John Leslie, ed., Physical Cosmology and Philosophy (New York: Macmillan, 1990).
8. Peter Atkins, Creation Revisited (Oxford and New York: Freeman, 1992), chap. 6. See discussion of Atkins's views in Chapter 6.
9. Alan Guth, The Inflationary Universe.
10. Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes, p. 144.
11. Steven Weinberg, Dreams of a Final Theory (New York: Pantheon, 1992), p. 255.
12. Gerald L. Schroeder, Genesis and the Big Bang: The Discovery of Harmony between Modern Science and the Bible (New York: Bantam Books, 1990); see also his The Science of God (New York: Free Press, 1997), chaps. 3 and 4.
13. Hugh Ross, Beyond the Cosmos, 2nd ed. (Colorado Springs: Navpress, 1999); see also his The Creator and the Cosmos (Colorado Springs: Navpress, 1995).
14. Hugh Ross, Beyond the Cosmos, p. 233.
15. Langdon Gilkey, Maker of Heaven and Earth (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1959).
16. Gerard von Rad, The Problems of the Hexateuch (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 131-43; Claus Westermann, Creation (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1974); Bernhard Anderson, ed., Creation in the Old Testament (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1984).
17. See Ernan McMullin, "How Should Cosmology Relate to Theologyی" in The Sciences and Theology in the Twentieth Century, ed. Arthur Peacocke (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1981), pp. 19-21.
18. Edmund Jacob, Theology of the Old Testament (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), p. 139.
19. David Kelsey, "Creatio Ex Nihilo," in Evolution and Creation, ed. Ernan McMullin (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1985).
20. Jon D. Levinson, Creation and the Persistence of Evil (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1988).
21. Joan O'Brien and Wilfred Major, In the Beginning: Creation Myths from Ancient Mesopotamia, Israel, and Greece (Chico, CA: Scholars Press, 1982).
22. Frederick Streng, Understanding Religious Life, 3d ed. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1985); Mircea Eliade, Myth and Reality (New York: Harper & Row, 1963).
23. Weekday Prayer Book (New York: Rabbinical Assembly, 1962), p. 42.
24. See Michael Foster, "The Christian Doctrine of Creation and the Rise of Modern Science," in Creation: The Impact of an Idea, ed. Daniel O'Connor and Francis Oakley (New York: Scribner, 1969); Stanley L. Jaki, The Road to Science and the Ways of God (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978).
25. Thomas E "1orrance, Divine and Contingent Order (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1981).
26. Albert Einstein, Ideas and Opinions (London: Souvenir Press, 1973), p. 262.
27. Einstein, quoted in Robert Jastrow, God and the Astronomers, p. 28. See Frederick Ferre, "Einstein on Religion and Science," American journal of Theology and Philosophy 1 (1980): 21-28.
28. James Tiefil, The Moment of Creation, p. 223.
29. John Polkinghorne, One World. The Interaction of Science and Theology (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987), pp. 45, 63, 98.
30. See Robert John Russell, "Contingency in Physics and Cosmology: A Critique of the Theology of Wolfhart Pannenberg," Zygon 23 (1988): 23-43.
31. Stephen W Hawking, A Brief History of Time (New York: Bantam Books, 1988), p. 174.
32. See C. J. Isham, "Quantum Theories of the Creation of the Universe," in Quantum Cosmology and the Laws of Nature, ed. Robert John Murphy, Nancey Murphy, and C. J. Isham (Rome: Vatican Observatory, and Berkeley: Center for Theology and the Natural Sciences, 1993).
33. John Gribbin and Martin Rees, Cosmic Coincidence: Dark Matter, Mankind, and Anthropic Cosmology (New York: Bantam Books, 1989); John Barrow and Frank Tipler, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).
34. Stephen Hawking, A Brief History of Time, p. 121.
35. B. J. Carr and M. J. Rees, "The Anthropic Principle and the Structure of the Physical World," Nature 278 (1979): 605-12.
36. Stephen Hawking, quoted in John Boslough, Stephen Hawking's Universe (New York: Morrow, 1985), p. 121.
37. Freeman Dyson, Disturbing the Universe (New York: Harper & Row, 1979),p. 250.
38. Mark Worthing, God, Creation, and Contemporary Physics (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996).
39. Ian G. Barbour, Myths, Models, and Paradigms (New York: Harper & Row, 1974).
40. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, The Phenomenon of Man (New York: Harper & Row, 1959), pp. 226-28